Case study discussion and summary paper

TASK 1

Discussion with applied pathophysiology in several diseases

The term anaesthesia can be described as a procedure to make an individual unconscious with the help of several medical anaesthetics which is essential for carrying out complicated procedure of treatment or reducing pain of a person. The authorised individual who give anaesthesia to patients as per requirement is termed as an anaesthetist. It is necessary to study case of a patient and process which is going to be carried out should be analysed to select best anaesthetic to make person unconscious for a certain period of time (Gillespie And et. al., 2012). The patient named as Dona has complex medical situation because she is suffering from an issue of abnormality in reproductive tract which is required to be removed by surgical method called as diagnostic laparoscopy. It is necessary to conduct surgery because foetus can only survive inside uterus and Dona has an outside implantation of fertilised egg problem. Apart from that issue she is also having problem of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and it is essential to carrying out a careful operation to remove infected bulla which generates several lung problems.

This problem of irregularity in reproductive organs which refers to a critical situation in which the fertilised egg implants itself outside the uterus. It is considered as complicated situation because foetus can survive inside uterus and outside implantation create problem for women. In this case, around 90% of women with abnormal fertilised egg implanted out of uterus have undergone surgery because such pregnancies can not survive. It is required to conduct regular check up of woman so that such complications can be detected at correct time and diagnosed accordingly in proper manner.

The sites and frequencies of outside implanted in which it may possible to be happen are indicated in above image: (A) Ampullary, 80%; (B) Isthmic, 12%; (C) Fimbrial, 5%; (D) Cornual/Interstitial, 2%; (E) Abdominal, 1.4%; (F) Ovarian, 0.2%; and (G) Cervical, 0.2%.

Pathophysiology of outside fertilised egg: The chances of this problem is due to increase in age, fallopian surgery, pelvic inflammatory disease and it can easily be detected by conducting vaginal ultrasound and Scan or ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). This situation requires immediate medical attention and early detection can be possible in first trimester of gestation period (Allen, 2014). There are various kinds of symptoms like abdominal or pelvic pain, dizziness, low blood pressure, and vaginal bleeding and regular hormonal levels should be checked of woman who has fertilised egg implanted in reproductive tract. The HCG hormone is higher in a normal condition of foetus in comparison to abnormal implantation. Hence, an ultrasound and other blood tests are helpful to determine the same health issue successfully.

Medication: In this case, an early gestation period without unstable bleeding is often treated with a medication known as methotrexate which interrupts into growth of cell and start dissolving existing cells (Brett, Barnett and Pearson, 2012). It is given by an injection and this treatment must be observed regularly to identify success of specific treatment before taking another step of treatment. In case when the methotrexate is not working then it is mandatory to carry out diagnostic laparoscopic surgery by using general anaesthesia for Dona.

Prescriptions before diagnostic laparoscopic surgery: This may include several medicines that could affect the outcome of this whole process which are certain anticoagulants such as blood thinners, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin (Bufferin) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB) and other medications that affect blood clotting like herbal or dietary supplements or vitamin K.

Diagnostic Laparoscopy: This can be explained as a kind of surgical diagnostic produced which used to examine organs inside the abdomen which provide support to take an appropriate action to solve required issue. It is considered as low risk, minimally invasive process that requires only small incisions (Mitchell, 2015). This whole procedure involve an effective equipments called as laparoscope which helps to look at abdominal or reproductive organs to conduct surgical process in proper manner. Several techniques that can be included to diagnose abdominal problems such as CT- Scan, ultrasound and MRI scan.

In this process, it is necessary to observe several kinds of essential organs like appendix, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, small intestine & large intestine (colon), spleen, stomach, pelvic or reproductive organs to determine certain factors such and an abdominal mass or tumour, fluid in the abdominal cavity, liver disease, effectiveness of certain treatments and degree to which a particular cancer has progressed. Thus if all these issues will be detected at correct time then it is easy to sort out the particular diseases properly without having any side effect of diagnosing procedure.

Process of diagnostic laparoscopy: This is considered as a kind of outpatient procedure because a person can go home same of surgery. In this type of surgical condition, relaxant general anaesthesia is preferred which means an individual have to sleep during whole procedure and would not feel any pain. Thus, to achieve general anaesthesia, an intravenous line (IV) is inserted in one of veins by which the anaesthesiologist can give other special medications to Dona along with providing hydration with fluids.

At starting, surgeon makes an incision below belly button and then inserts small tub known as cannula that is used to inflate abdomen with carbon dioxide gas which helps to doctor for observing organs more clearly (Slim, 2011). After this activity, medical specialist inserts laparoscope through incision and camera attached to the same will displays images on screen. In case of outside implantation of fertilised egg, surgeon will perform surgery in an accurate manner by making small incision in abdomen near or in navel along with inserting thin tube equipped with camera lens light to view tubular area clearly. Thus, the abnormal foetus should be removed and tube is either repaired which is termed as salpingostomy whether it will be removed that is called as salpingectomy.

Recovery from diagnostic laparoscopic surgery: The women undergone laparoscopic surgery to remove outside implanted zygote is required to be monitor carefully. It involves to observe vital signs, breathing and heart rate of patient along with check adverse reactions to anaesthesia or the procedure as well as closely observe prolonged bleeding (Roberts And et. al., 2011). The woman should be physically well, kind of anaesthetics used and reaction of body after surgery will decide time of discharge from hospital. To get smooth recovery from this, Dona should conduct light activities, take more sleep, use throat lozenges to ease pain of sore throat and wear loose fitting clothes.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: This is a kinds of respiratory disease in which is abbreviated as COPD that includes group of progressive lung problems. In involves mostly the issue of emphysema and chronic bronchitis because many of people who are suffering from COPD has both these diseases at a time. The problem of emphysema destroys air- sacs in lungs slowly with interferes with outward flow of air and bronchitis cause inflammation along with narrowing of bronchial tubes which allows mucus build up. Dona has a problem of COPD may experience wheezing, tightness in chest, exacerbations, or flare-ups of severe symptoms (Callaghan, 2011). The cause for this issue is smoking, long term exposure to chemical irritants and it can be detected by conducting imaging test, blood- tests or lung function- tests. In case of developed countries, a better example is United States where single biggest cause of COPD is Cigarette smoking. Thus, around 90 percent of people having this problem are smokers or former smokers.

Pathophysiology of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be diagnosed by several pathological tests like blood- test and lung function- test. In case of COPD, air sacs have lost their stretchiness, walls between air sacs are damaged, airways become inflamed & thickened and more mucus is produced in airways which causing them to clog. There are various symptoms which indicates about this problem such as occasional shortness of breath, especially after exercise, mild but recurrent cough and need to clear throat often, especially first thing in the morning. Some of signs that are progressively worse and harder to ignore such as shortness of breath, after even mild exercise such as walking up a flight of stairs, wheezing or noisy breathing, chest tightness, chronic cough- with or without mucus, need to clear mucus from lungs every day, frequent colds, flu, or other respiratory infections and lack of energy. Various kinds of critical evidences which are generally observed in later stages of COPD are fatigue, swelling of the feet, ankles, or legs and weight loss . But a person requires immediate treatment while certain factors are observed like bluish or grey fingernails or lips which indicates low oxygen levels in blood, trouble catching breath or cannot talk, feel confused, muddled, or faint etc.

Now, due to having problem of infected gall bladder, Dona have to undergo through an effective surgical method called as laparoscopic cholecystectomy in which removal of gall bladder with gallstones takes place. It includes to provide relaxant general anaesthesia carefully because Dona has problem of COPD by using specific anaesthetic drugs which will not create incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications. A person having issue of CODP is not capable to take anaesthesia easily because it results into certain problems. In case of Dona, relaxant general anaesthesia is used but some of risks factors are there which may create complications in case of Dona are as follows:

• Lung infections such as pneumonia
• Sepsis
• Pneumothorax
• Respiratory failure
• Poor wound healing
• Hypoxia
• Blood clots and pulmonary emboli

In case of Dona, it is essential to provide relaxant general anaesthesia carefully to avoid any relevant risks of patient they have to take appropriate precautions so that complications will not happen at the time of conducting surgical process.

Medication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: The medication for gallstone includes several medicine and surgical procedures as per stages of infection occurred in gall bladder. Medical specialists primarily prescribed to patients to dissolve stones and excrete out from body. But in severe case of late stages of gall infection, it is mandatory to remove the gall- bladder itself to make person relieved (Maslekar and et. al., 2011). Generally, it is observed and analysed that surgeons used to carrying out open cholecystectomy but in present scenario, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is widely used to remove infected gall bladder through conducting whole process carefully to sort out health issue of an individual.

Prescriptions before Removal of gall bladder: This includes the pathological activities to make sure about Dona who is going to take surgery is physically or mentally fit or not for the same. It includes several tests such as X- ray, CT- Scan and angiography. There are certain steps which are fulfilled by person carefully like mandatory to quit smoking, take rest form other activities and do not drink or eat at least 12 hours before surgery.

Process of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: The process of removal of gall bladder is kind of surgical activity in which physical and mental check up of Dona must be done before starting surgical procedure. In this activity, a surgeon is required to make four small incisions in abdomen of Dona and insert a tube with a tiny video camera on one of incision to view inner organs clearly to conduct whole surgery. The surgeon have to watch video on monitor in operation theatre while using surgical equipments or tools for inserting them into abdomen to remove infected gall balder properly (Roulin and et. al., 2013). After removing gall bladder, it is mandatory to conduct imaging test such as X- ray or ultrasound to determine possible gallstones or other issue in bile duct of patient. Thus, it is essential because several risks are associated with this procedures like bile leak, bleeding, blood clots, heart problems, infection, injury to nearby structures, such as the bile duct, liver and small intestine, pancreatitis and pneumonia.

Recovery from surgery: The recovery of body condition after having surgical process called removal of lung bulla is possible but required few of steps to be taken by Dona. It includes follow-up regular appointments with doctor, have higher fibre diet, gently pat incisions dry after bathing or showering, do not lift anything over 10 pound and so on.

Above mentioned health issues like outside implanted foetus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and infected gall bladder which are solved by carrying out effective surgical procedures like laparoscopic surgery and removing gall bladder (Gignoux and et. al., 2015). In both cases, relaxant general anaesthesia is used to make Dona unconscious so that they will no feel any pain and whole procedure can be conducted properly. It is also necessary to take precautions before and after the surgical process to gain better results of the same.

TASK 2

Management of emergency situation in post- anaesthesia environment

The post anaesthesia environment refers to situation after completing procedure of surgery and it is required to closely observe patient on continuous basis to take an appropriate action to control condition properly (Mitchell, 2013). It is essential to carrying out operation in an accurate way and most important thing is to make person conscious when they wake up from anaesthesia. There are various kinds of management strategies which are applicable in different emergency situations to deal with complications and maintain stable condition of patient successfully. Post surgical situation is also crucial till that time when a person wakes up with normal consciousness and respond in positive manner form anaesthetic situation. Thus, actual results of carried out surgery are dependent on reactions of patient which are observed by medical professionals ion regular basis by keeping them under observation for at least 24 hours.

The intervention strategies should be used by specialise while conducting while surgical process and after completing the same because condition of person can be considered as stable when they response positively by waking up from anaesthesia. It is essential to carefully taken several steps by staff members of health care organisation to get an appropriate results. In case of any facing Airway obstruction by a patient in post surgery environment then an emergency situation raised which can be avoided by several methods that are explained further-

Extubation strategy: This can be described as an effective as well as efficient action which includes the surgical process itself to be carried out in an appropriate manner. It is essential to carefully conduct very single step in procedure of operation because a minor mistake of surgeon may leads to critical situation or even death of the person. There are various kinds of cases seen in which a little error in surgical process may results into death of patients. It includes several anatomical and physiological changes of body which may negative or positive. Extubation involves technique to solve post complications by removing endotracheal tube.

Aid risk stratification: The term aid risk stratification includes to select favourable method of surgery by keeping in mind about preferences of patient because mentally consciousness of person impacts on reactions of body in post anaesthesia environment. It is all about to study and check response of body in an accurate way and then select more suitable techniques to carrying out operation which can be easily accepts by body of patient. Thus, it will facilitate to reduce risks of complication and provide better results of the same.

Practical management of routine: This can be described as to make an appropriate strategy to carrying out regular activities which are helpful to provide medical facilities to person in correct manner. It includes to conduct regular checks ups of blood pressures, temperature heart rate and other various functions so that patient will remain conscious during process of surgery.

Postextubation care: In case of post emergency situation of Air Obstruction which facing by an individual and it is observed that they have problem of laryngeal spasm from 1 hour and stridor for as long 24 hours which is considered as post extubation. It is essential to evaluate patient frequently in terms of work of breathing , respiratory rate, use of accessory muscles and breathe sounds properly (Guo, 2015). The process of titrate the Fi02 for maintaining Sp02>/=90%, begin incentive spirometry, flutter valve and HHN treatments with EZPap which render support to make situation of patient favourable in proper manner.

Above mentioned factors or steps are helpful to gain indications of regular observing patients who has undergone critical process of surgery to attain positive response from body of them. It is necessary to carrying out whole surgical procedure in more appropriate manner to sort out health problem like abnormal pregnancy and COPD by surgical methods like laparoscopic surgery and Removal of lung bulla.

CONCLUSION

The above report had concluded that anaesthesia can be explained as an activity in which person will make insensible or without feeling by the help of several anaesthetics like General anaesthesia, Central Neural Blockade, Local anaesthesia with sedation and many more. It is necessary to study case of an patient and process which going to be carried out should be analysed to select best anaesthetic to make person unconscious for a certain period of time. The procedure involve an effective equipments called as laparoscope which help to look at abdominal organs to conduct surgical process in proper manner. The problem of emphysema destroys air- sacs in lungs slowly with interferes with outward flow of air and bronchitis cause inflammation along with narrowing of bronchial tubes which allows mucus build up. Removal of lung bulla can be described as a kind of surgery to remove large areas of air sacs in lungs that combine to form larger spaces within pleural cavity in lungs and solve problem of COPD.U. If you are still finding the answer to any question, reach out to our assignment help.

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